The Industrial Revolution Of The 19th Century - 927 Words

Europe in the nineteenth-century was rapidly evolving into a more modernized society, and many political and cultural ideas were developing during this change. The Industrial Revolution triggered an enormous increase of the standard of living throughout most of Europe and North America. The transformation from the old style of hand made production to the new factory system caused many industries to build factories. This caused many people of the working class to move to the factories in search of work. Cities were forming around the factories, and this was the first time for most people to live in an urban area. The economy was flourishing, but there were still questions on how the government should react during the recent economic growth. There has always been a separation between the classes of society, and during the Industrial Revolution this separation of classes grew. Socialism was one of the ideologies that proposed a way to end the class struggles that capitalism created. Rom anticism was provoked by the population growth in urban areas, and many of the romantic writers wanted to write about the old rural areas that they came from. Both the Industrial Revolution and the age of Enlightenment created the ideology of liberalism during this time. The Industrial revolution was the main factor that triggered the development of socialism, romanticism, and liberalism ideologies during nineteenth-century Europe. The Industrial Revolution marked an era of enormous economicShow MoreRelatedThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century1468 Words   |  6 Pages The industrial revolution began in the 18th and 19th centuries. During this time most people lived on farms or in small rural villages. Prior to the industrial revolution most manufacturing was done in homes using hand tools and simple basic machines. People lived where their daily existences revolved around farming. Life for the average person was difficult, as incomes were meager, and malnourishment and disease were common. People produced the bulk of their own food, clothing, furniture and toolsRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century1521 Words   |  7 PagesThe Industrial Revolution was an important milestone in history and influenced almost every part of the standard of living. From the new discoveries in technology there became new jobs available, which presented new working conditions, and the middle class had a new outlook on life. During the 19th century, changes and new ideas formed what would advance the modern world, the shift from an agricultural and handmade economy to a machine and manufactured one (Judge 664). Goods like coal, iron, andRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century973 Words   |  4 Pages The industrial revolution was a time of urbanisation, social and technological change that took place during the 18th and 19th centuries. Economic growth changed the British peoples experiences in all aspects of their lives including how they worked and travelled. Although it was harsh period of time for millions of people, due to the working conditions, it was also an advantage as it was a world-changing period of time. Before the industrial revolution took place, people lived their lives in aRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century1161 Words   |  5 PagesFrom the 18th to the 19th centuries, Britain was a far more developed country than any others in the world. There are more than one factor that made the Industrial Revolution happened first in Britain, some examples are: The Agricultural Revolution, the growth of population, The Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution, World Trading, and the Cottage Industry. With all those factors, it comes down to: What started the Industrial Revolution? The clothe industry was one of the big factor. UnlikeRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century851 Words   |  4 Pagesand most crucial changes for today’s modern society was the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution brought many changes to the societies that experienced the process of industrialization. Some of the changes benefited society, while others caused harm to most of the society. Most affected by these changes was the working class of these societies. The Industrial Revolution that took place throughout the 18th and the 19th centuries had major effects which influenced every aspect of societyRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century955 Words   |  4 PagesIn the late 18th and early 19th centuries Europe found itself dealing with vast changes in its way of life. The Industrial Revolution took Europeans from the rural countryside into the urban powerhouses as the continent experienced a sudden shift in everyday living, economic structure, and social hierarchy. This sudden change in how Europe was ran from an economic standpoint caused yet another rift between the proletariats and bourgeoisies. Life became difficult for the newly founded working classRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century2363 Words   |  10 PagesDuring the late 1800s and early 1900s, the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain, and the working class worked tirelessly to produce products. Textiles were made faster and cheaper, food was more abundant, and the standard of living increased for many people. To industrialize Great Britain, laborers worked in factories and mills under horrible conditions. Despite attempts by Parliament to address problems with the factories’ working conditions through the passage of new legislation, theirRead MoreThe Industrial Revolutions Of The 18th And 19th Centuries1528 Words   |  7 PagesEver since the Industrial Revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries, technology have been advancing at an ungodly pace. The automobile was invented in the late 19th century, the plane came a couple of decades later. Half a century later, mankind was able to escape the bounds of the earth and was able to land on the moon. Technology has enabled us to make ungodly advances and make our lives immeasurably easier. We have the means and technology to make someone’s dream a reality. Mankind now has electricRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Of The 18th And 19th Centuries Essay1941 Words   |  8 PagesInvention and innovation have opened doors and created opportunities for people across the globe. The Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries, which led to the discovery of steel, oil, gas and electricity changed where and how people lived. Large metropolitan cities sprang up as technology allowed the construction of tall, structurally safe stable buildings. Gas engines made the world smaller. Oil lamps, followed by electricity, extended the time when activities that were previouslyRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During Mid 19th Century843 Words   |  4 PagesWith the Industrial Revolution at its dawn during mid-19th century, England’s Northern towns and cities began to alter drastically as advances in science and technology were proceeding to reshape the world. Beyond just transforming the society and its culture; industry, technology, and commerce, as agents of reforming the old social order, brought an immense demand for the urbanization of towns and cities. Consequently, the cities of Northern England went through an architectural metamorphosis of

Leadership police Free Essays

The police force in the US is one of the most controversial departments of the criminal justice.   The nature of duties assigned to the police requires high sense of responsibility, discipline, integrity and openness.   As law enforcers, police are supposed to adhere to a strict code of ethics which spells the do’s and don’ts for police officers in the course of executing their duties and their general conduct especially with the public, victims and offenders. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership police or any similar topic only for you Order Now    This paper discusses leadership issues affecting police in an effort to analyze how leadership of the police affects job performance for the police officers. Barbuto, (1997) defines leadership as the offering of guidance and motivation to subordinates in an effort to get things done.   Leadership is very central to the performance of an organization as it is viewed as the engine of an organization.   Good leadership leads to increase in job performance due to highly motivated staff.   In addition, good leadership creates an environment ideal for a team spirit to thrive something which eventually leads to achievement of organizational or group goals (Bass, 1999). On the contrary, poor leadership brings about low morale in the team as well as low job performance compared to the situation whereby a good leadership results into a synergetic effect which is lacks when subordinates lack a sense of direction and therefore end up pulling in different directions (Sparrowe, Soetjipto, Kraimer, 2006).   A job as a law enforcement requires team spirit because of the fact that most missions call for execution by teams. To be able to achieve the desired results, team members have to connect well, resolve conflicts in a positive manner and adhere to the stipulated code of ethics (Cothern, 2006).   Law enforcers are required to particularly function in accordance to the code of ethics, given the fact they are subjected to a lot of scrutiny by the media, and watch bodies, such as human rights bodies.   On top of the above, police officers are expected to demonstrate high public relations and communication skills. This guidance is supposed to come from the top leadership.   How communication is done in the law enforcement department can have a bearing in the performance of the law enforcers especially those dealing with K-12 level students where a lot of scrutiny is directed at by concerned parents who constantly want to be assured of their children’s safety.   Poor leadership leads to low moral in the work force something which results in poor job performance hence poor service delivery to the public (Neider, Schriesheim, 1996).   This has both direct and indirect associated costs to the citizens given the fact that, the law enforcers are responsible for maintaining security, law and order in the society. Therefore, a less motivated workforce has implications on rate of crime as well as rise in insecurity.   In an increasingly free market economy, law enforcers who may feel uncomfortable with poor leadership are likely to quit job and join private companies or other government departments of their choice.   There is a need for good leadership inorder to avoid the high officer turnover which is very costly to the government given the high cost of training officers which is usually borne by the government. Poor leadership in the law enforcement department results in poor team spirit and therefore defragmentation.   This is risky especially in this post 9/11 era whereby the police force must remain as intact as possible to avoid infiltration.   Competency, unity and commonness of purpose is what is highly required in the police force.   Several measures can be taken to ensure the above is achieved. Conclusion Such measures include motivation of officers through introduction of incentives such as pay-for-performance, career growth and development opportunities, protection from victimization, provision of an enabling job environment such as modern crime control equipment as well as improving the quality of life of officers through pay increases.   All the above are only possible if the police department is going to embrace good leadership strategies by adopting hybrid leadership methods and perhaps depart from the rigid and conservationist bureaucratic leadership which is highly centralized. References Barbuto, J., (1997). Taking the Charisma Out of Transformational Leadership.   Journal of Social Behavior Personality, 12(3), p. 689-697.   Retrieved February 26, 2007, from EBSCOhost database. Bass, B. M. (1999).   On the taming of charisma: A reply to Janice Beyer. Leadership Quarterly; Winter 1999, 10(4), p. 541-553. Cothern, C. (2006). Leader’s Insight: Leaders’ Top Three Mistakes.   Christianity Today International/Leadership Journal. Neider, L. Schriesheim, C. (1996).   Path-goal leadership theory: The long and winding road. Leadership Quarterly,  ­7 (3). Sparrowe, R., Soetjipto, B., Kraimer, M. (2006).   Do Leaders’ Influence Tactics Relate to Members’ Helping Behavior? It Depends on the Quality of the Relationship.   Academy of Management Journal, 49(6), p. 1194-1208. How to cite Leadership police, Essay examples

Affect of Sugars on Yeast Respiration free essay sample

In this investigation, the rate of carbon dioxide production (cellular respiration) of yeast using different sugars and one artificial sugar will be measured. The natural sugars used in this investigation will be sucrose (table sugar) and lactose (in milk). The artificial sugar that will be used is aspartame (equal). The rate of respiration between the natural sugars will be compared to that of the artificial sugar. The molarity of the sugar will remain constant at 0. 4M for all the sugars used and the amount and type of yeast used will be the same. It is expected that the yeast will have a higher rate of respiration for the natural sugars than the artificial sugar. As aspartame is about 200 times sweeter than natural sugar, only small amounts are put into packets of equal, and other substances such as dextrose or maltodextrin are used as fillers to make it appear as though there is more aspartame in the packet than there is2. It is predicted that because there is only a very small amount of sugar in the equal packets, that the yeast will have less to metabolize, and therefore the rate of respiration will be lower. Design Research Question: How do natural sugars versus artificial sugars affect the rate of cellular respiration in yeast? Dependent Variable: The sweetener used sugar (sucrose and lactose) vs. artificial sugar (aspartame). Independent Variable: The rate of cellular respiration of the yeast. Controlled Variables: Amount of yeast used, type of yeast used, molarity of sugar used, temperature of water. Materials: * About 20 packets of Aspartame * 20g of Lactose * 20g of Sucrose * One large beaker (400mL beaker) * One small beaker (150mL beaker) * Two 10mL graduated cylinders One 100mL graduated cylinder * 2 pipettes * Test tubes * Test tube stand * Lap top * Vernier software * Gas pressure sensor * Mass scale * Hot plate * Thermometer * Weighing papers * 30g of yeast Procedure: 1. Use the 100mL graduated cylinder to fill large (400mL) beaker with 150mL of water 2. Place beaker with water onto hot plate 3. Turn the heat up to 4 or 5 4. Wait about 5 minutes for water to heat to about 40- 45Â °C (optimal temperature for yeast to activate) while using the thermometer to take the temperature 5. Pour 30g of yeast into weighing paper (use the mass scale to measure 30g). 6. Once the water is heated, pour measured 30g of yeast into the beaker with the heated water 7. Stir the yeast until no clumps remain 8. Wait several minutes for yeast to activate (there will be a layer of foam on top of the yeast when it is activated) 9. Fill the small (150mL) beaker with 100mL of water using the 100mL graduated cylinder 10. Measure out 13. 68g of sucrose (to make 0. 4M) using the weighing paper and mass scale 11. Pour the sugar into the small beaker with 100mL of water 12. Stir until the sucrose has dissolved (for lactose and aspartame, the water must be heated in order for the sugars to properly dissolve) 13. Set up test tube into test tube stand 14. Set up loggerpro software, including the gas pressure sensor 15. Use a pipette to measure out 10mL into the 10mL graduated cylinder of 0. 4M sucrose water and pour it into the test tube 16. Use the other pipette to measure 10mL of yeast solution into the other 10mL graduated cylinder. 17. Pour 10mL of 0. 4M sucrose into test tube 18. Add the 10mL of yeast solution to the test tube 19. Shake the test tube slightly so the yeast and water are evenly distributed 20. Attach the gas pressure sensor to the test tube 21. Measure the rate of respiration with logger pro for 300 seconds (5 minutes) 22. Repeat the steps for 5 trials 23. Repeat procedure for lactose and aspartame. Gas Pressure Sensor Test Tube Yeast/Sucrose solution Rubber Stopper Computer Figure 1: Set up of the experiment. Not shown is the test tube stand Data Collection and Processing Table 1: Type of sugar vs. rate of respiration data Type of Sugar | Rate of Respiration (kPa) [Â ±0. 0001]| | Trial 1| Trial 2| Trial 3| Trial 4| Trial 5| Average | Sucrose| Â  0. 0209| Â  0. 0637| Â  0. 0475| Â  0. 0448| Â  0. 0788| Â  0. 0511| Lactose| Â  -0. 0002| Â  -0. 0006| Â  -0. 003| Â  -0. 0003| Â  -0. 0002| Â  -0. 0003| Aspartame | Â  -0. 0004| Â  -0. 0006| Â  -0. 0021| Â  -0. 0008| Â  0. 0006| Â  -0. 0009| Table 1: This table shows the rate of respiration of the yeast for the different sugars for each trial, as well as the average rate for each sugar. One trial was taken for the control group (yeast with pure water, no sugar) and the rate of respiration was 0. 0031kPa. Table 2: Type of sweetener vs. average rate of respiration Type of Sweetener (natural sugar vs. artificial) | Average Rate of Yeast Respiration (kPa) | Natural (Sucrose and Lactose)| 0. 0254 | Artificial (Aspartame) | -0. 0009| Table 2: This table shows the average rate of respiration of the sucrose and lactose versus the respiration rate of the aspartame. Graph 1: This is a sample graph, taken from trial 2 of sucrose. The slope is taken at about 120 seconds because the yeast did not begin to metabolize the sugar until then. Qualitative Observations: The changes during respiration of the yeast were very slight. During the yeasts respiration of the sucrose, bubbles began to form as the rate of respiration (or pressure) began to increase (usually around 150 seconds). Graph 2: This graph shows the average rate of respiration for each of the sweeteners used. The sucrose had the highest rate of respiration, while the lactose and aspartame had negative slopes, suggesting that the yeast was unable to metabolize the lactose and aspartame. Graph 3: This graph shows the average rate of respiration of the natural sugars versus the average rate of respiration for the artificial sugar (aspartame). Table 3: P-value of sucrose, lactose amp; aspartame | | P-Value| | | Sucrose| Lactose| Aspartame| Sucrose| X| 0. 0007| X| Lactose| X| X| 0. 1031| Aspartame| 0. 0007| X| X| Table 3: This table shows the results of a t-test performed on the average respiration rates for each sugar. The p-value is shown, and the red ones are considered to be statistically significant (less than 0. 05). Sample Calculations i. Average for Sucrose: = (trial 1 + trial 2 + trial 3 + trial 4 + trial 5) / 5 = (0. 0209 + 0. 0637 + 0. 0475 + 0. 0448 + 0. 0788) / 5 = 0. 2557 / 2 = 0. 0511 ii. 0. 4 Molarity for Sucrose: = C12H22O11 = (12. 011 x 12) + (1. 0079 x 22) + (15. 999 x 11) = 144. 132 + 22. 1738 + 175. 989 = 342. 29 = 0. 4 x 342. 29 = 136. 8 = 136. 8/1000 = x/100 =1000x = 136. 8 (100) = 13. 68g of sucrose in 100mL of water Conclusion The results of the experiment showed that sucrose had the highest rate of respiration, as was predicted. The results also showed that both lactose and aspartame were unable to be metabolized properly by the yeast, causing the slope to be negative. The results of the t-test performed showed a p-value of 0. 0007 between both sucrose and lactose and sucrose and aspartame, meaning that the difference between them is extremely statistically significant. The p-value between the lactose and aspartame though, was only 0. 1031, which is not statistically significant. Although one of the natural sugars (sucrose) did cause the yeast to have a higher respiration rate, the other natural sugar (lactose) did not. This suggests that the rate of respiration of yeast does not depend on whether the sugar is natural or artificial, but whether the yeast has the proper enzymes to metabolize the sugar presented to it. The yeast has certain enzymes designed to metabolize glucose and galactose specifically, but these enzymes are not able to properly process lactose 3. This presents a reason for the yeast producing a negative slope when given lactose. Equal packets also sometimes contain lactose to create bulk, since only small amounts of aspartame are needed. In this case, the yeast would be unable to metabolize the lactose. Evaluation The most significant possible source of error could have come from a leak in the gas pressure sensor. This would affect the data by creating a negative slope when there could have been a positive slope because the air would be leaking out from the test tube, lowering the pressure. This could be the result of the rubber stopper not being pushed in far enough in the test tube to prevent a leak, or a leak from the tube connecting to the rubber stopper. A solution to this source of error would be to The next most significant source of error could have come from the temperature of the yeast solution. The water that the yeast was placed into to activate, was heated to 42Â °C. After the yeast was activated in this solution, it was used for the first set of trials. While the first trials were being done, the yeast solution had time to cool down, and by the time it was used for the next set of trials, the yeast solution was a different temperature. The different temperatures could have affected the yeast respiration rate. With the warmer temperatures, the molecules move faster, enabling for more collisions, which could have caused the rate of respiration to be higher for the first set of trials, when the yeast was warmer. A solution to this problem would be to keep the yeast solution in a warm water bath, in order to keep the temperature constant, and to have a thermometer in the solution to check for changes in temperature. The final most significant source of error could have been the amount of yeast used for every trial. On top of the yeast solution there was a thick layer of foam. When using the pipette to put the solution into the 10mL graduated cylinder, some foam was also added to it. The foam made it difficult to determine whether the yeast solution had reached 10mL, or if it appeared that way because of the foam on top of the yeast. This could have resulted in there being less than 10mL of yeast for some trials, while others have 10mL of yeast. This could affect the data because there would be more yeast to metabolize the sugar, which could increase the rate of respiration. A solution to this would be to use a spoon to remove the excess foam on top of the yeast solution, leaving only the liquid, useable substance. A possible extension to this investigation could be to compare the effect of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides on yeast respiration rate. More types of artificial sugars could have been used as well, such as splenda (sucralose). There is also a type of yeast that is genetically engineered by scientists to contain the enzyme lactase, enabling the yeast to metabolize lactose4. The rate of respiration between the genetically engineered yeast and the normal yeast could be compared. Sources: [1] http://www. anaerobicrespiration. net/ [2] http://www. equal. com/equal-classic/faqs#saccharin01 [3] http://www. madsci. org/posts/archives/2005-11/1132509463. Cb. r. html [4] http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC195890/